Key Findings:
Over a three-year period of testing VPNs, NTA Monitor has discovered that 90% of remote access VPN systems have exploitable vulnerabilities. The tests were mainly carried out for large organisations, including financial institutions that had their own in-house security teams. The common belief is that VPN systems are invulnerable, when in fact they are frequently the weak link in an otherwise secure system.
This paper discusses how it is possible to determine which implementation of a UDP service is being used from the retransmission backoff pattern. It uses IKE (Internet Key Exchange) as an example UDP service which can be identified in this way, although the technique may also be applicable to other UDP services. The paper also describes an example program called "ike-scan" which is able to discover and identify IPsec VPN systems running IKE. This program is publicly available under the GNU Public License (GPL).
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